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Amanita virosa
''Amanita virosa'', commonly known as the European destroying angel, is a deadly poisonous basidiomycete fungus, one of many in the genus ''Amanita''. Occurring in Europe, ''A. virosa'' associates with various deciduous and coniferous trees. The large fruiting bodies (''i.e.'', the mushrooms) appear in summer and autumn; the caps, stipes and gills are all white in colour.
Immature specimens of ''A. virosa'' resemble several edible species commonly consumed by humans, increasing the risk of accidental poisoning. Along with its geographical namesakes, ''A. virosa'' is one of the most poisonous of all known poisonous mushrooms; its principal toxic constituent α-amanitin damages the liver and kidneys, often fatally.
==Taxonomy and naming==
The common name of ''destroying angel'' is applied to several all-white species of poisonous ''Amanita'', to this species in Europe and to ''Amanita bisporigera'' in eastern North America, and ''A. ocreata'' in the west. ''A. virosa'' was first collected and described by Elias Magnus Fries in Sweden. Its specific epithet ''virosa'' derived from the Latin adjective ''virōsus'' 'toxic' (compare virus).
''Amanita virosa'' is very similar to several other species of all-white amanitas known as destroying angels, which has led to confusion over which occurs where. This specific name has been applied to all-white destroying angels occurring in North America, though others propose these all belong to ''Amanita bisporigera'' and other rarer species instead. There has been some question over whether ''Amanita verna'' is a valid species.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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